Universal Coverage Essay Example for Free

Universal Coverage Essay Health insurance is a term that explains a form of coverage that meets ones medical expenses. This form of insurance pays for medical expenses and sometimes may encompass insurance on disability and long-term nursing needs. There are two ways that one may get access to services of health cover firms, one of them is that, insurance may be offered by the government subsidized program i. e. the Social Insurance Program or the second alternative is by private medical insurance firms. The package may be obtained collectively e. g. by a company to insure its employees etc or may be obtained individually by customers. However in either case, the covered persons pay premiums to get protection from high or unpredicted medical care expenses. The government may offer such benefits of paying healthcare costs via a Social welfare program. Universal Coverage is described as the affordable medical care insurance that extends its coverage to all eligible residents of the country. It’s sometimes called Universal Healthcare. The coverage of such programs are greatly varied in terms of funding mechanism and organizational structure especially the extent to which they are funded by the public. Normally, the general public always has to pay their medical care expenses through health insurance schemes that are a compulsory requirement. Some pay through taxation and at times both tax and medical insurance programs may be used to meet the healthcare bill. According to the Institute of Medicine, The United States of America has been confirmed to be the only developed regime that doesn’t offer the Universal Coverage. Otherwise, many other developed nations and the developing countries offer the Universal healthcare coverage system of health insurance and it’s the trend all over the world. Introduction Health insurance is coverage that takes care of medical bills. Governments have come up with policies that regulate this health insurance programs. The Medical care insurance policy is a contract that binds a health insurance company and the person in question. The contact may be renewable annually or upon the agreed period of time. The contract usually described the type and the amount of medical expenses to be covered in the agreed duration and is usually paid in advance as evidence of coverage in the booklet. The Universal Coverage as mentioned earlier describes a situation where everybody is covered for the basic medical care services as per the government policy as long as one is an eligible resident of the region in question. Universal medical care coverage has been mistakenly likened to ingle-prayer; a type of medical cares where the government pays all the healthcare expenses. Most governments in the world currently provide Medical care universally with Singapore having the most efficient and successful medical coverage in the world. Probably t due to this reason that it has the country records low infant mortality rates and long life expectancies. The U. S is the only country that does not offer Universal coverage. The U. S government has established policies that recommend reforms in the healthcare by the year 2010, based on the per capita expenses. The situation in the country is that per capita expenses on medical care services is almost twice as much as other developed countries, but still has high infant mortality rates and short life expectancies. Health Insurance in the U. S In 2005, a bill was presented to the House of Representatives of the U. S proposing the introduction of a Universal health care coverage that would combine both public and private coverage. The discussions in the U. S on universal coverage are usually confused with the concept of single prayer scheme which is sometimes called socialized medicine. This perception usually becomes a major hurdle for the enactment of the universal coverage (Lerberghe 2005) Many of the medical service providers in the U. S will concur to charge the insurance Companies if the clients are willing to assent his signature to an agreement that the amount not paid by the insurance company would be their responsibility. Medical care in the U. S is provided by different legal entities and it has been noted that the U. S is highest spender on health care services. (Porter Teisberg 2006) A greater percentage of the U. S population have some form of medical insurance cover individually or through employers while others are granted by the government. There are certain publicly financed medical care schemes that are meant to provide assistance to the elderly, disabled, children and the poor. Federal law authorizes the general public to access emergency medical services despite their ability to meet the expenses. The health care coverage in the U. S depends so much on the private sector and the non-profit insurers and is the main source of medical coverage for the Americans. Public programs provide coverage services to older people and low-income earners including families that meet certain requirements to be entitled to this cover (Lerberghe 2005). Some of the public programs are Social insurance, Medicare, Medicaid and SCHIP. In 2006, it’s estimated that over 47 million people did not have any medical care cover for some part of the year (Anderson 2007). In 2004, the United States medical cover providers employed almost 471,000 workers directly. Since 2001, the health insurance costs in the States are rising at a very alarming rate that there is need to re evaluate the effectiveness of their system of healthcare payment. In the year 2007, most of the low-income earners and unemployed did not have medical cover. Those without medical insurance that year, summed up to about 15. 8% of the total population. The efficiency and the quality of the U. S medical care system raises questions on whether its worth the million of shillings that the government spends each year. A research by the world Health Organization in 2000, found out that the U. S was the highest spender on healthcare services yet it lagged far much behind in effectiveness of its performance (Haley Deevey 2001). Since universal coverage has proved to be more effective, there have been many proposals presented to the U. S administration to encourage transformation process of the current system to enable it to extend its coverage universally, rather than via a complete restructuring of the entire system. Considering that, most Americans covered by private insurance companies receive their benefits through employer sponsored schemes, it has been suggested that the employer ‘pay or play’ be used to expand coverage. However analysts have suggested that the proposed pay or play plans will be restricted in their capacity to include the working poor. Other observations made included the fact that this proposed plan basically excludes small companies, do not differentiate individuals who may be able to access other forms of healthcare insurance, from those who do not, and may cause the overall employer compensation expenses to rise. Universal Coverage As defined earlier, universal health coverage is the situation where by the government covers everyone’s basic medical care services as long as the people meet eligibility requirements of the region. Only America does not provide the universal coverage to its citizens of all the industrialized countries (Mayes 2005). This has seen America’s health care coverage system collapse! Almost a third of the Americans are not insured at some time of the year, this according to the research by Commonwealth Fund with the number of those supposedly covered dangerously under insured (Baker 2000). There arises situations when the insurance companies fail to meet the expenses of the medical services provided to their clients, in such cases, the affected persons may face a serious and tough decision making moment that they have to choose between healthcare services and other life necessities. As many as about half of the bankruptcies reported in the U. S are contributed to by medical debts and more than three-quarters of them are due to the medical debt the insurance had at the beginning of the sickness (Mayes 2005). The population that is covered collectively by employer is steadily loosing the benefits as more and more charges are being pushed towards the employees, while the young and unemployed minority are suffering for being under insured and usually pays disproportionate split of their income to the insurance coverage (Emanuel Fuchs 2005) Several issues have been raised to solve the problem of healthcare expenses and analysis made for the best possible alternative. In many occasions of discussions, universal coverage has been confused with â€Å"single payer† healthcare system. The Single-Payer healthcare system is the U. S’s term that describes the payment of all players in medical care service from single fund. The players here, being doctors, hospital and other related trades like pharmacies. The Canadian medical care system, the British, and the Australia’s Medicare are all single payer systems. The U. S’s Medicare and Medicaid are also described as single payer systems. The single payer system has only one financial source for paying all the medical service providers. Some people have argued that the single fancier of the single payer system is the government, but in Countries such as the U. S the matter is left for analysts and the patient never bears the individual accountability for all the expenses (Mayes 2005). The single payer system has been proposed to help transform the current and collapsing system of health insurance in the U. S. It is different from the Universal health care system where the government has total control of the healthcare systems including administration, employing doctors and other staff, despite the fact that logically all these are single payer systems! Meanwhile, when the term is used to imply these differences, the stakeholders in medical care industry remain independent and may confer with the government for funding. The single payer has been proposed to change the current system of the Americans, however critics oppose the fact that it would offer better quality of healthcare at a cheaper expense by saying that this would affect the quality of medical care and discourage innovations and therefore give free market approach and tax incentive as the better options (Emanuel Fuchs 2005) Some organization support universal coverage, these organizations that advocate for the implementation of the universal coverage do so due to its efficiency and advantages. The main supporters are; doctors, nurses and organizations such as Healthcare for everyone, Physicians for a National health Program and National health Insurance. The supporters argue that medical care is a basic human right and everyone is entitled to it, provision of medical care to the whole nation would profit the country economically, and that the profit motivation could negatively affect the quality of the healthcare services provided. Cutting costs is the main issue that raises concerns in the healthcare service provision. It would be much better to cut down costs rather than maintaining since the current economic crisis does not call for increased expenses. Currently, the U. S government has sacrificed its healthcare service industry to financial plan cuts. Communities especially those living in the poor neighborhood are needlessly vulnerable to diseases that otherwise could have been corrected or prevented. Cost cutting demands have lead to humiliating of occupations of medical care service providers like nurses and home-care workers. Processes such as screening, early diagnosis, and prevention measures that are efficient cost cutting methods have been short changed. Though cost cutting is very important, it should not sacrifice the quality of healthcare services to be provided. For the health care crisis in the American system and cost cutting pressures that are mounting on the budgetary allocations, have caused the quality of health care to be compromised in the name of cutting costs. Human rights activist argue that the sanctity of life should be respected and life protected no matter the cost.

Essay --

People all around the world have dreams of opening a business by creating a service, or product that is consumed by customers. Opening a new business requires a lot of hard work, patience, and extensive planning in order to operate a successful and legal business. However, before a person attempts to open a business, they must be sure they are up for the challenge, and they must be guaranteed that they have the right tools, personality, and experience to be a successful entrepreneur. Pick a mentor that owns a business who can give you advice. They can advise you of things you never knew, or things you should be aware of. Having this kind of person can save you a lot of trouble, and encourage you on the way. When opening a business you must have motivated, strong-minded, and goal oriented people that will provide the proper effort, planning, organization, funding, and structure of the entire business. To begin, creating a business plan for your company is essential for the future of y our company, and how it intends to create revenue 3-5 years down the line. It is the most important step, and the first step of beginning your business. A business plan is an essential roadmap for business success; it is a formal statement of a set of goals for your business, the reasons they should be completed, and how you plan on reaching those goals for further success. Your business plan should contain an executive summary. An executive summary includes what you want out of your business, where you plan on taking it, and why it will be successful. Also, if you are seeking financing to get a loan, an executive summary is a great way to grab the investor’s interest. It shows the investor your intensions with your business, the structured guidelines... ..., it must be registered with the appropriate authorities in order to maintain everything legal. This process is knows as â€Å"Doing Business as† (DBA name), which is a business that is named something different than your personal name. â€Å"For example, consider this scenario: John Smith sets up a painting business. Rather than operate under his own name, John instead chooses to name his business: â€Å"John Smith Painting†. This name is considered an assumed name and John will need to register it with the appropriate local government agency.† (www.sba.gov) Not all states require registering a business under â€Å"DBA†, which is why it is imperative to conduct precise research. Generally, every business must have an Employer identification number, which is used to identify the entity of a business. In order to be assigned an (EIN), you must apply for one. One way to apply is online.

Internet Influence on Youth in Egypt and the Arab World

? Internet influence on youth in Egypt and the Arab world The Executive Summary The internet is considered as one of the most important and the fastest access to information, and for knowing the latest evolutions in different fields; with a relatively low expense, by comparing it with the other traditional ways, as journals, books and magazines.And with the worldwide increasing diffusion of the internet, and its uses, both, positive and negative, and the appearance of the e-crimes' era; it became necessary to know the Arab world's and the Arabic language's portion from the internet uses, in terms of the number of users, and the bulk of the Arab content on this network, accompanied with the acquaintance of the mechanisms and the ways adopted by the international society, the Arab world, and Egypt in chasing the e-crime and confronting it.This paper aims to discuss the extent of spread of the internet using in Egypt and the Arab world, besides the extent of the e-crimes ‘diffusio n in the Egyptian society, and ways of confronting it, in the light of some Arab and foreign countries' experiments, and also attempting to know the Egyptian youth and the parents' opinions about the most important positives and negatives of using the internet, trying to put a conception on how can the society confront such negatives and internet crimes.The study was able to know the positive sides for using the internet, which includes the allowance of information in different fields for internet users, and facilitating reading the world news, and communicating with others in non-traditional ways, through chat rooms ? or e-mail, or other modern ways, which was given by the internet to its users, in addition to the possibility of distance education and training, and also distance working through the internet, which broke the barriers between countries.Despite the above-mentioned advantages of the internet, but it's not void of – as any modernized technology- faults and negati ves, which can be divided into absolute negatives, as using the internet in order to inroad upon others and libel them, and also stealing banks and money laundering crimes, and into relative negatives, which damages differ according to the habits of people and societies, and the prevailing norms in it, beside the extravagance in using the websites of songs, games and chatting, which kill time and isolate the individual from his social surrounding.And about the widespread use of the internet in the Arab world, the study concluded that there is a gap in the proportion of internet users in the Arab world, by comparing it to the global level, where internet users in the Arab world are only 1. 4% of the total internet users in the world in 2005, while the Arab population is 5% of the world's population.In addition to that, the information content on the Internet does not represent more than 1% of the information content on the Internet. The Internet use in Egypt has started in nineties, and the number of users in 1996/1997 was about 75 thousand user. With the establishment of the Ministry of Communications and Information in 1999 and a result of the efforts made in this area, the number of internet users became 4. 4 million in 2004.

The Biggest Environmental Issues Will Be Discussed

In the following paper many of the biggest environmental issues will be discussed. Complications that derived from human’s ill-treatment to the planet. Take, water for example, our basic necessity of life, yet millions of people do not have access to clean and sanitary water due to pollution; resulting in millions of people worldwide dying from drinking unsanitary water. Global warming itself due to the illnesses and the accommodations that it would demand will eventually cause the lives of all living creatures on earth. Genetic engineering may seem like a good idea on the surface conversely, its disadvantages are more than the advantages. In the end, if humans do not take action in order to change all the previously mentioned issues the inevitable outcome will be death for all living creatures on earth. Earth has been in existence for an approximation of about 4.5 billion years. Overtime it has evolved to become the home of 7 billion people, 20 to 50 million different species of animals and roughly 3 trillion trees. As far as we are concerned, it is the only planet in which the conditions are suitable for life to exist. However, humans have not treated mother earth with kind respect. Instead their selfish ways have been gradually changing the planet we call our home. The waters are polluted, and due to numerous burning of fossil fuels releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere, it is causing the layer of the green gas to get thicker resulting in the climatic to getShow MoreRelatedThe Biggest Environmental Issues Will Be Discussed1388 Words   |  6 PagesIn the following paper many of the biggest environmental issues will be discussed. Complications that derived from human’s ill-treatment to the planet. 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Necesitar Conjugation in Spanish, Translation and Examples

Business Strategy The Co Creation Model - 1688 Words

Business strategy: The â€Å"Co-creation Model† Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and human resource management (HRM) continue to show increases in commonality within business operations. The need for CSR to be structured and organized within businesses is gaining attention from top managers (Carroll Shabana 2010) who want to decrease overall costs. CSR has both internal and external factors that contribute to the success of a business; internal: skills and education, human rights, labor rights, workplace health and safety, due diligence to internal stakeholders; external: duties to citizens, community, environment, and stakeholders (Harvey Pg. 53). HRM overlaps many of these areas, providing more emphasis on strategy execution,†¦show more content†¦However, today not only is CSR thought of as a business’s self-preservation for future survival, but also one’s duty to be socially responsible to the earth and people. As defined by the World Business C ouncil for Sustainable Development, Corporate Social Responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the community and society at large (1990). Although CSR is not a mandatory policy among business, many managers are adopting practices to increase profits though reputation, brand, identity and status (Ilona and Ruta 2012). Unfortunately, CSR is not widely implemented within business approach, and the demise is communications of these polies internally and externally is low, thus resulting in less effective outcomes. If management could find a way to integrate CSR into a structured strategy with polices, and concise direction and guidance, CSR aspects could be pursued and achieved on a day-to-day basis. Many workers feel confused that no such strategies exist

Network Management in Organizations for Malware - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theNetwork Management in Organizations for Malware Programs. Answer: Introduction Ethics can be considered as the center stage of all businesses. When it comes to the IT industry, there is plenty of scope for growth and new developments (Durkheim, 2011). With the advent of malware programs, IT organizations have become worried and extremely afraid. They are unable to handle huge infrastructures without the help of IT security professionals. However, the question if IT security professionals work with ethics is a big one! Ethics is a collection of solid principles that can shape the decisions and organization or person makes. It is up to the IT security personal to decide if a price is just for the organizations protection. The final decision depends on the security professional (Goldman, 1981). And, asking for several thousands of dollars for IT security is questionable. It opens space for many ethical concerns. Identification of two Ethical Issues As an IT security professional increases his/her hourly charges, it would question on their fundamental responsibility as a standalone agent for the common good for all organizations. A just price has to be defined for the services offered. The price should guarantee a reward and a profit, preventing economic exploitation of IT companies. In this contemporary IT society, the final cost of security professionals is set by demand and supply (Postema, 1980). There is very little consideration of the medieval concept called Just Pricing. Without the presence of Just Pricing, it is very difficult to decide if the exorbitant pricing of IT security professionals is ethical or not. Though the current IT scenario presents a series of opportunities for professionals, it is at the cost of vulnerable organizations and workspaces. This brings into light questions of respect of freedom and maximization of welfare. When IT security professionals take into consideration an organizations current technical requirements and increases their rates, they would fail to serve the common society. That is because, consumer needs differ from one socioeconomic class to another (Weiss, 2017). However, the services offered could be the same. If a professional charges more from small companies and less from big companies (for a given reason), it results in many ethical problems. Due to the presence of serious network attacks and malware programs, the small organizations will be forced to make an investment. They will not be able to benefit from the fair price based demand and supply concept. According to critics, high price quotes during the time of need can be demonstrated as greed. This is something the society strongly disapproves. Analysis of Professional Codes According to any Professional codes of ethics, employees and organizations should adhere to the following: Professionals in the IT sector must assure integrity. They must be honest and straightforward in all forms of business and professional relationships. That means, IT security professionals should be honest with their quotes and services. Their services should be based on fixed prices. The organizations should be able to judge the cost of a service without consulting the IT professional himself (CFA Institute, 2014). This is the level of honesty and transparency a professional should exhibit. The professional IT security consultant should stress on objectivity. There should be no conflict of interest or overridden business judgements. The IT security professionals must not make judgements based on the organizations wealth or current environment. The decisions must be made with respect to their technological needs. When an IT security professional makes a quote, the final figure should be based on current development techniques, practice and legislation. The Security professional should charge based on professional standards when certain professional services are provided. There must be due care and professional competence in the process ("Code of ethics for professional accountants", 2005). The IT security professional must take into account confidentiality of information. They should not misuse the organizations current security status to determine quotes. Information must be used with positive motives and a clear workflow. Evaluation of Ethical Issues Unfortunately, many IT security professionals fail to follow the above mentioned code of ethics. With the freedom to quote high price figures, many professional codes of ethics are violated. When the IT security professional doesnt offer Just Pricing, they are no longer serving integrity or confidentiality. Information is misused to quote a better figure. According to professional codes of ethics, the current business state of an organization must not be used to decide a price. The final price should be based on the technical factors involved. IT Security professionals who change prices based on the organizations stature and abilities are unethical. They are not doing justice to their role, job or the society. This can introduce lots of uncertainty in the industry. Businesses will be forced to spend several thousand dollars on their security measures. Unfortunately, the actual price of security could be lower (Zwolinksi, 2008). The IT security professional breaks the norms of objectivity and professional competence by charging more from different companies. When it comes to making a quote, the price should be the same for a specific task from all levels of the organization. The decisions should be based only on technical parameters. When an IT security professional shows the signs of greed, it breaks most of the codes of ethics. Anti-price-gouging laws claim that IT professionals who alleviate organizational needs and prices would harm the very people they are meant to help. This makes the entire situation unethical. Conclusion On the whole, price gouging by IT security professionals is an unethical move. IT security is a critical component of any business. With an ever rising number of network attacks, malware programs and threats, IT security professionals have bigger responsibilities. They break several professional codes of ethics by charging more. It is necessary for IT professionals to think before they quote a bigger figure. In the long run, it would have an impact on the entire society. For example, if IT professionals charge more to handle malware programs like the ransomware, they are likely to risk the entire society. That is because a single turned on machine can spread the infection to other devices. And, a high price quote, would stop organizations from working against such malware. References CFA Institute (2014). Code of ethics and standards of professional conduct. Retrieved from https://www.cfainstitute.org/Translations%20of%20Code%20of%20Ethics%20and%20Standards%20of%20Pr/english_code.pdf Code of ethics for professional accountants (2005, June). Retrieved from https://www.ifac.org/system/files/publications/files/ifac-code-of-ethics-for.pdf Durkheim, E. (2011). Professional Ethics and Civic Morals. South Carolina, U.S.A: Nabu Press Goldman, A.H. (1981). The moral foundations of professional ethics. Ethics, 92(1) Postema, G. (1980). Moral responsibility in professional ethics. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264839520_Moral_Responsibility_in_Professional_Ethics Snyder, J. (2009). Efficiency, equity, and price gouging: A response to Zwolinski. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277909223_Efficiency_Equity_and_Price_Gouging_A_Response_to_Zwolinski Weiss, S. (2017). The ethics of price gouging. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jore.12171/full Zwolinksi, M. (2008). The ethics of price gouging. Retrieved from https://facpub.stjohns.edu/~flanagap/3305/readings/Zwolinski_Price_Gouging.pdf